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ManageAnticoag ManageAnticoag

Welcome to the ManageAnticoag

See the “About” "About App" section for more information about use of the app.


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Plan Periprocedural Interruption and Bridging

Assess whether and how anticoagulation should be interrupted and bridged as part of periprocedural planning
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Address an Acute Bleed

Review steps for managing major and non-major bleeds in anticoagulated patients, including the use of reversal agents
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Determine Anticoag Restart

Determine a restart approach for patients in whom anticoagulation is planned to be, or has already been, interrupted
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Reference key concepts from the tools above

Quick Reference

The information in this app is based on content in the ACC’s Expert Consensus Decision Pathways. Refer to the Resources section for full references.

General Resources

Patient Resources

CardioSmart Atrial Fibrillation Home Page

CardioSmart Home Page

Clinician Resources

Anticoagulation Management Clinical Topic Collection

Anticoagulation Initiative



Additional Procedural Bleed Risk Considerations as Indicated by Specialty Societies

American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy’s Standards of Practice Committee
  • Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement - PEG on aspirin or clopidogrel therapy is low risk. Does not apply to DAPT (dual antiplatelet therapy).
  • EUS (endoscopic ultrasound) w/ FNA (fine needle aspiration) - EUS-FNA of solid masses on aspirin/NSAIDs is low risk.
American Society of Nephrology
The risk stratification for the nephrology procedures was assigned based on the publications cited below and the following explanatory points:
  • Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease are considered to have disordered platelet aggregation leading to a higher bleeding risk.
  • The interventional nephrology procedures (angioplasty and thrombectomy) are performed on “arterialized” veins with high flows (>600 ml/min) and therefore, the bleeding risk is commensurate with the arterial procedures.
  • As with any other invasive procedures the complication risk varies widely based on patient and operator factors.
References:
  1. Beathard GA, Litchfield T, Physician Operators Forum of RMS Lifeline, Inc. Effectiveness and safety of dialysis vascular access procedures performed by interventional nephrologists. Kidney Int. 2004 Oct;66(4):1622-32
  2. Vesely TM, Beathard G, Ash S, Hoggard J, Schon D; ASDIN Clinical Practice Committee. Classification of complications associated with hemodialysis vascular access procedures. A position statement from the American Society of Diagnostic
American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
  • Bleeding risk of other regional nerve blocks is based on compressibility, patient body habitus, co-morbidities and the degree and duration of anticoagulation.
Interventional Section Leadership Council of the ACC
  • Transfemoral coronary angiography - The consensus of the group was that this was a low intermediate risk. It was not as low as radial but certainly not in the same category as other intermediate procedures such as a pericardiocentesis. It would also depend on the sheath size and the patient’s body habitus.

Other Mobile Tools

ACC AnticoagEvaluator App

ACC Clinical App Collection

References

Tomaselli GF, Mahaffey KW, Cuker A, Dobesh PP, Doherty JU, Eikelboom JW, Florido R, Gluckman TJ, Hucker W, Mehran R, Messé SR, Perino AC, Rodriguez F, Sarode R, Siegal D, Wiggins BS. 2020 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Management of Bleeding in Patients on Oral Anticoagulants: a Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; Aug 76(5)594-622. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.053

Doherty JU, Gluckman TJ, Hucker WJ, Januzzi Jr. JL, Ortel TL, Saxonhouse SJ, Spinler SA. 2017 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway for Periprocedural Management of Anticoagulation in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Expert Consensus Document Task Force. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017:69:871-898. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.024

Terms of Service

ManageAnticoag Terms of Service and License Agreement

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About App

When was this app last updated?

October 2023

How can I provide feedback?

Click here to fill out our feedback survey

What is the target patient population for this app?

The app is meant for use by clinicians in relation to patients who are currently taking oral anticoagulants. Some parts of the app only apply to patients with nonvalvular AF, and this will be specified in those areas. The app applies to patients in the following situations:

  • Patients who have a planned procedure or surgery (cardiac or otherwise)
  • Patients who have had an acute major or non-major bleed
  • Patients who have had an interruption in anticoagulation therapy

How is the app meant to be used?

The app is intended for use by clinicians to help navigate periprocedural planning and bleed management scenarios for patients on oral anticoagulants (OAC). The app is comprised of three tools to support the following clinical decisions:

  • Planning Periprocedural Interruption and Bridging - evaluates whether and how to interrupt and bridge anticoagulation as part of periprocedural planning for patients with nonvalvular AFib
  • Addressing an Acute Bleed - manages acute major and non-major bleeds, including the suggested use of reversal/hemostatic agents
  • Determining Anticoagulation Restart - determines whether and how anticoagulation should be restarted for patients in whom anticoagulation has been interrupted

To use the app:

  • Select which tool best applies to your patient scenario: Plan Periprocedural Interruption and Bridging, Address an Acute Bleed, or Determine Anticoag Restart.
    • Enter patient details as prompted in the selected tool
    • View individualized guidance on the Advice screen
    • Email a summary of the advice
  • Use the Quick Reference section to access supporting information and details such as ‘Guidance for Administering Reversal/Hemostatic Agents’, and ‘Components of the Clinician-Patient Discussion.’

The information and recommendations in this app are intended to support clinical decision making. They are not intended to represent the only or best course of care, or to replace clinical judgment. Therapeutic options should be determined after discussion between the patient and their care provider. While bleeding protocols at individual institutions may vary from the advice in this app, content in the app is derived from the referenced documents and is meant to represent ACC’s expert clinical opinion.

How was this app developed?

The information in this app was derived from the 2020 Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Management of Bleeding in Patients on Oral Anticoagulants and the 2017 Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Periprocedural Management of Anticoagulation in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. App content and design was refined and vetted by ACC member clinicians, and through user testing with clinicians practicing in relevant specialties. The app was developed as part of a continuing initiative to enable clinicians to access and implement ACC clinical policy at the point of care to improve quality, efficiency, and patient outcomes. The app is also part of ACC’s Anticoagulation Initiative, a comprehensive quality effort to improve care for patients on anticoagulation therapy.

Support for the app was provided by Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. All content was independently developed with no sponsor involvement.

Where can I go if I have questions?

For Support
Call: (202) 375-6000, ext. 5603 or (800) 253-4636, ext. 5603
Email: membercare@acc.org

News

Quick Reference

Indications for anticoagulation with high thrombotic risk

CHF: Congestive Heart Failure;TIA: Transient ischemic attack
Indication Patient characteristics
Mechanical valve prosthesis
  • Mechanical aortic valve + additional thrombotic considerations: AF, CHF, prior stroke/TIA
  • Caged-ball or tilting disc aortic valve prosthesis
  • Stroke/TIA within 6 months
Atrial fibrillation (AF)
  • AF with CHADS2 score of ≥ 4 (or CHA2DS2-VASc score of ≥ 6) (84)
  • Stroke/ TIA within 3 months
  • Stroke risk ≥ 10% per year
  • Rheumatic valve disease or mitral stenosis
Venous thromboembolism (VTE)
  • VTE within 3 months
  • History of unprovoked or recurrent VTE
  • Active cancer and history of cancer-associated VTE
Prior thromboembolism with interruption of anticoagulation Any
Left ventricular or left atrial thrombus Any
Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) Any
  • Guidance for Administering Reversal/Hemostatic Agents
  • Assays Suitable for Quantitation of DOACs
  • Suggestions for Qualitative Assessment of DOACs When Assays Suitable for Quantitation are Not Available
  • Estimated Drug Half-Life Based on CrCl and Suggested Duration for Withholding DOAC Based on Bleed Risk
  • Critical Site Bleeds
  • Considerations for Restarting Anticoagulation
  • Original Indications for Anticoagulation with High Thrombotic Risk
  • Patient Thrombotic Risk Definitions
  • Components of the Clinician-Patient Discussion
  • Prescribing Information for Drugs

Quick Reference

  • Guidance for Administering Reversal/Hemostatic Agents
  • Assays Suitable for Quantitation of DOACs
  • Suggestions for Qualitative Assessment of DOACs When Assays Suitable for Quantitation are Not Available
  • Estimated Drug Half-Life Based on CrCl and Suggested Duration for Withholding DOAC Based on Bleed Risk
  • Critical Site Bleeds
  • Considerations for Restarting Anticoagulation
  • Original Indications for Anticoagulation with High Thrombotic Risk
  • Patient Thrombotic Risk Definitions
  • Components of the Clinician-Patient Discussion
  • Prescribing Information for Drugs
Back to Quick Reference

Guidance for Administering Reversal/Hemostatic Agents

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In a life-threatening or critical site bleed, or in situations in which bleeding cannot be controlled with other measures, reversal of OACs may be required. This section provides guidance for administering reversal/hemostatic agents.


VKA (warfarin)

Vitamin K Antagonists (warfarin)
Reversal Stratergy Dosage
4F-PCC†   Note regarding vitamin K:
When PCCs are used to reverse VKAs, vitamin K should always be given.

If bleed is considered major: Administer 5-10 mg IV vitamin K

If bleed is considered nonmajor: Administer 2-5 mg PO/IV vitamin K
• INR 2 to < 4 25 units/kg
• INR 4-6 35 units/kg
• INR >6 50 units/kg
4F-PCC low fixed-dose option 1000 units for any non-intractional major bleed
1500 units for intrational hemorrhage
If 4F-PCC not available, administer plasma 10-15 mL/kg (1)

DTI (dabigatran)

Note: While idarucizumab is FDA approved in the U.S., it may not be available at every institution. Please refer to the product locator on the manufacturer’s website to determine availability: https://www.praxbind.com/

Direct Thrombin Inhibitor (dabigatran)
Reversal Stratergy Dosage
Idarucizumab 5g idarucizumab IV ‡
If idarucizumab is not available, administer either PCC or aPCC 50 units/kg IV §
Consider activated charcoal for known recent ingestion (within 2-4 h) (n/a)

FXa Inhibitor (apixaban, betrixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban)

Note: While andexanet alfa is FDA approved in the U.S., it may not be available at every institution. Please refer to the product locator on the manufacturer’s website to determine availability: https://www.andexxa.com/

EDOXABAN and BETRIXABAN

Factor Xa Inhibitor (edoxaban and betrixaban)
Reversal Stratergy Dosage
Off-label treatment with andexanet alfa II ¶ Initial IV Bolus 800 mg at a target rate of 30 mg/min, follow-up IV infusion 8 mg/min for up to 120 minutes
If andexanet alfa is not available, administer PCC or aPCC 50 units/kg IV §
Consider activated charcoal for known recent ingestion (within 2-4 h) (n/a)
APIXABAN

Factor Xa Inhibitator (apixaban)
Reversal Stratergy Dosage
Andexanet alfa"¶ Last dose of apixaban Timing of last dose Low/High Initial IV Bolus Follow-On IV Infusion
≤ 5 mg < 8 hours or unknown Low dose 400 mg at a target rate of 30 mg/min 4 mg/min for up to 120 minutes
≥ 8 hours or unknown Low dose 400 mg at a target rate of 30 mg/min 4 mg/min for up to 120 minutes
> 5 mg or unknown < 8 hours or unknown High dose 800 mg at a target rate of 30 mg/min 8 mg/min for up to 120 minutes
≥ 8 hours Low dose 400 mg at a target rate of 30 mg/min 4 mg/min for up to 120 minutes
If andexanet alfa is not available, administer PCC or aPCC 50 units/kg IV§
Consider activated charcoal for known recent ingestion (within 2-4 h) n/a
RIVAROXABAN

Factor Xa Inhibitator (rivaroxaban)
Reversal Stratergy Dosage
Andexanet alfa"¶ Last dose of rivaroxaban Timing of last dose Low/High Initial IV Bolus Follow-On IV Infusion
≤ 10 mg < 8 hours or unknown Low dose 400 mg at a target rate of 30 mg/min 4 mg/min for up to 120 minutes
≥ 8 hours or unknown Low dose 400 mg at a target rate of 30 mg/min 4 mg/min for up to 120 minutes
> 10 mg or unknown < 8 hours or unknown High dose 800 mg at a target rate of 30 mg/min 8 mg/min for up to 120 minutes
≥ 8 hours Low dose 400 mg at a target rate of 30 mg/min 4 mg/min for up to 120 minutes
If andexanet alfa is not available, administer PCC or aPCC 50 units/kg IV§
Consider activated charcoal for known recent ingestion (within 2-4 h) n/a

4F-PCC = four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate; aPCC = activated prothrombin complex concentrate; h = hours; IV = intravenous; PCC = prothrombin complex concentrate; INR = international normalized ratio

*Reversal/hemostatic agents include repletion strategies such as PCCs, plasma, vitamin K, and specific reversal agents for DOACs (e.g., idarucizumab for dabigatran; andexanet alfa for apixaban or rivaroxaban).

† When PCCs are used to reverse vitamin K antagonists, vitamin K should also always be given.

‡ If bleeding persists after reversal and there is laboratory evidence of a persistent dabigatran effect, or if there is concern for a persistent anticoagulant effect before a second invasive procedure, a second dose of idarucizumab may be reasonable.

§ Refer to prescribing information for max units. To control bleeding in hemophilia patients with inhibitors, aPCC is typically administered intravenously in doses ranging from 50 U/kg to 100 U/kg, with a daily maximum of 200 U/kg. There are no randomized data regarding dosing in patients with factor Xa inhibitor–related major bleeding. Based on preclinical evidence, case reports, and case series data, an initial intravenous dose of 50 U/kg is suggested for patients with FXa inhibitor major bleeding and who are known or likely to have clinically significant anticoagulant levels.

II ANNEXA-4 full report excluded patients with DOAC levels <75 ng/ml because those patients were considered to have clinically insufficient levels for reversal agent. If drug effect/level can be assessed without compromising urgent clinical care decisions, then assessment should be performed before andexanet alfa is administered.

¶ Andexanet alfa is not currently available at every institution; please refer to product locator on manufacturer’s website.

(1) Sarode R, Milling TJ, Jr., Refaai MA, et al. Efficacy and safety of a 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in patients on vitamin K antagonists presenting with major bleeding: a randomized, plasma controlled, phase IIIb study. Circulation. 2013; 128:1234-43.

Assays Suitable for Quantitation of DOACs

Drug Suggested Test
Dabigatran • Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
• Dilute thrombin time
• Ecarin clotting time
• Ecarin chromogenic assay
Apixaban, betrixaban, edoxaban, or rivaroxaban • Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry • Anti–FXa *

*Useful for quantitation of plasma drug levels only when calibrated with the drug of interest DOAC = direct-acting oral anticoagulant; FXa = factor-Xa

Suggestions for Qualitative Assessment of DOACs When Assays Suitable for Quantitation are Not Available

Expand All

Dabigatran

Exclude Clinically Relevant* Drug Levels
Suggested Test:
  • TT, aPTT
Interpretation:
  • Normal TT excludes clinically relevant* levels.
  • Prolonged TT does not discriminate between clinically important and insignificant levels.
  • Normal aPTT usually excludes clinically relevant* levels, if a sensitive reagent is used.
Determine Whether On-Therapy or Above On-Therapy Levels are Present
Suggested Test:
  • aPTT
Interpretation:
  • Prolonged aPTT suggests that on-therapy or above on-therapy levels are present.
  • Normal aPTT may not exclude on-therapy levels, particularly if a relatively insensitive aPTT reagent is used.

Apixaban

Exclude Clinically Relevant* Drug Levels
Suggested Tests:
  • UFH or LMWH anti-FXa
Interpretation:
  • Normal PT and aPTT do not exclude clinically relevant* levels.
  • UFH or LMWH anti-FXa below the lower limit of quantitation probably excludes clinically relevant* levels.
Determine Whether On-Therapy or Above On-Therapy Levels are Present.
Suggested Test:
  • PT
Interpretation:
  • Prolonged PT suggests that on-therapy or above on-therapy levels are present.
  • Normal PT may not exclude on-therapy or above on-therapy levels, particularly if a relatively insensitive PT reagent is used.

Betrixaban, edoxaban, or rivaroxaban

Exclude Clinically Relevant* Drug Levels
Suggested Test:
  • UFH or LMWH anti-FXa
Interpretation:
  • Normal PT and aPTT do not exclude clinically relevant levels.
  • UFH or LMWH anti-FXa below the lower limit of quantitation probably excludes clinically relevant* levels.
Determine Whether On-Therapy or Above On-Therapy Levels are Present
Suggested Test:
  • PT
Interpretation:
  • Prolonged PT suggests that on-therapy or above on-therapy levels are present.
  • Normal PT PT may not exclude on-therapy levels, particularly if a relatively insensitive PT reagent is used.

*The term “clinically relevant” refers to DOAC levels that may contribute to bleeding or surgical bleeding risk. The minimum DOAC level that may contribute to bleeding or surgical bleeding risk is unknown. The International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis recommends consideration of anticoagulant reversal for patients with serious bleeding and a DOAC level >50 ng/mL, and for patients requiring an invasive procedure with high bleeding risk and a DOAC level >30 ng/mL.

aPTT = activated partial thromboplastin time; DOAC = direct-acting oral anticoagulant; FXa = factor Xa; LMWH = low-molecular-weight heparin; PT = prothrombin time; TT = thrombin time; UFH = unfractionated heparin.

Estimated Drug Half-Life Based on CrCl and Suggested Duration for Withholding DOAC Based on Bleed Risk

Estimated Drug Half-Life Based on CrCl
Dabigatran
Apixaban, Betrixaban, Edoxaban, or Rivaroxaban
CrCl
mL/Min
≥80 50–79 30-49 15-29 <15 ≥30 15-29 <15
Estimated drug half-life, h 13 15 18 27 30 (off dialysis) • Apixaban, betrixaban, rivaroxaban: 6–15
• Betrixaban:19-27
• Apixaban: 17
• Edoxaban: 17
• Rivaroxaban: 9
• Apixaban: 17 (off dialysis)
• Edoxaban: 10-17 (off dialysis)
• Rivaroxaban: 13 (off dialysis)

CrCl = creatinine clearance

Suggested Duration for Withholding DOAC Based on Bleed Risk
Dabigatran
Apixaban, Betrixaban, Edoxaban, or Rivaroxaban
CrCl
mL/Min
≥80 50–79 30-49 15-29 <15 ≥30 15-29 <15
Low ≥24 h ≥36 h ≥48 h ≥72 h No data. Consider measuring dTT and/or withholding ≥96 h. ≥24 h ≥36 h No data. Consider measuring agent- specific anti-Xa level and/or withholding ≥48 h.
Uncertain, intermediate, or high ≥48 h ≥72 h ≥96 h ≥120 h No data. Consider measuring dTT 48 h No data. Consider measuring agent-specific anti-Xa level and/or withholding ≥72 h.

NOTE: The duration for withholding is based upon the estimated DOAC half-life withholding times of 2 to 3 half-lives for low procedural bleeding risk and 4 to 5 drug half-lives for uncertain, intermediate, or high procedural bleeding risk

CrCl = creatinine clearance; DOAC = direct-acting oral anticoagulant; dTT = dilute thrombin time.

Critical Site Bleeds

Type of Bleed Initial Signs and Symptoms Potential Consequences of Bleed
Intracranial hemorrhage: Includes intraparenchymal, subdural, epidural, and subarachnoid hemorrhages Unusually intense headache, emesis
reduced or loss of consciousness, vision changes, numbness, weakness, aphasia, ataxia, vertigo, seizures
Stupor or coma
Permanent neurological deficit
Death
Other central nervous system hemorrhage: Includes intraocular, intra- or extra- axial spinal hemorrhages Intraocular: monocular eye pain, vision changes, blindness
Spinal: back pain, bilateral extremity weakness or numbness, bowel or bladder dysfunction, respiratory failure
Intraocular: permanent vision loss
Spinal: permanent disability, paraplegia, quadriplegia, death
Pericardial tamponade Shortness of breath, tachypnea, hypotension, paradoxical pulse, jugular venous distension, tachycardia, muffed heart sounds, rub Cardiogenic shock
Death
Airway: includes posterior epistaxis Airway: hemoptysis, shortness of breath, hypoxia
Posterior epistaxis: profuse epistaxis, hemoptysis, hypoxia, shortness of breath
Hypoxemic respiratory failure
Death
Hemothorax, intra-abdominal bleeding, and retroperitoneal hemorrhage Hemothorax: tachypnea, tachycardia, hypotension, decreased breath sounds
Intra-abdominal (nongastrointestinal): abdominal pain, distension, hypotension, tachycardia
Retroperitoneal hemorrhage:back/flank/hip pain, tachycardia, hypotension
Hemothorax: respiratory failure
Retroperitoneal hemorrhage: femoral neuropathy
All: hypovolemic shock, death
Extremity bleeds: Includes intramuscular and intra-articular bleeding Intramuscular: pain, swelling, pallor, paresthesia, weakness, diminished pulse
Intra-articular: joint pain, swelling, decreased range of motion
Intramuscular: compartment syndrome, paralysis, limb loss
Intra-articular: irreversible joint damage

Considerations for Restarting Anticoagulation

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After a bleeding event, the indication for OAC should be reassessed to determine whether continued therapy is warranted based on established clinical practice guidelines. A risk-benefit assessment should be conducted in consultation with other practitioners and in discussion with patients or caregivers. The below information includes points to consider in determining the appropriateness of restarting anticoagulation.

Factors that contribute to the risk-benefit assessment of restarting anticoagulation

  • Whether the patient is NPO (nil per os, “nothing by mouth”)
  • Cancer-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE)
  • Pregnancy
  • High risk of rebleeding
  • Location of the bleed
  • The source of bleeding and whether it was identified and treated
  • Mechanism of the bleed
  • Being bridged back to VKA (vitamin K antagonist) with high thrombotic risk
  • Reversible factors such as high INR in a patient on a VKA
  • Concomitant anti-platelet therapy
  • Acute or worsening renal insufficiency leading to elevated OAC levels
  • Significant drug interactions that could increase DOAC levels (can be addressed prior to restarting therapy)
  • Whether further surgical or procedural interventions are planned
  • Thrombotic risk
  • Concurrent medications that interact with OAC levels
  • The indication for use of anticoagulation should be considered
  • Patient engagement in restarting anticoagulation

Some scenarios requiring special consideration for anticoagulant reinitiation post procedure

  • Procedures to control bleeding: For surgeries/procedures performed to control bleeding, restarting anticoagulation after the procedure may carry a higher bleeding risk. Consider characteristics of the bleed, and whether the source of bleeding was identified. Individualized strategies with close clinical monitoring apply for patients in whom bleeding was not successfully controlled by surgical/procedural management.
  • Neuraxial anesthesia: The use of anticoagulants in the setting of neuraxial anesthesia raises the risk of a spinal or epidural hematoma. All currently available DOACs carry a black box warning regarding their use in the setting of neuraxial anesthesia. If an epidural catheter is still in place, DOAC use should be avoided. See the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management guidelines and the individual prescribing information for each DOAC for more information.
  • DOAC therapy following cardiac surgery: The indication for a DOAC should be re-evaluated after cardiac surgery, especially if the patient has undergone a valvular procedure. All DOACs are contraindicated in patients with mechanical valves. For patients who have undergone valve surgery, transitioning a patient who was on a DOAC to warfarin after the procedure is suggested.
  • Gastrointestinal Bleeding (GI Bleeding): GI bleeding is a relatively common hemorrhagic complication of chronic OAC therapy, often leading to its permanent discontinuation. For most cases of GI bleeding, it is reasonable to reinitiate OAC once hemostasis has been achieved.
  • Intracranial Hemorrhage: A cautious, individualized approach to restarting OAC after intracranial hemorrhage is warranted. Factors associated with a higher risk of recurrence include the mechanism of intracranial hemorrhage (i.e., spontaneous vs. traumatic), lobar location of the initial bleed (suggesting amyloid angiopathy), the presence and number of microbleeds on magnetic resonance imaging, and ongoing anticoagulation. The timing of anticoagulation reinitiation following an ICH has not been systematically studied and varies widely in observational studies (72 hours to 30 weeks). Current guidelines recommend avoiding anticoagulation for at least 4 weeks in patients without mechanical heart valves, and, if indicated, using aspirin monotherapy initially after an ICH. It is favored to delay the resumption of anticoagulation for at least 4 weeks in patients without high thrombotic risk.

Consider for patients on concomitant antiplatelet therapy

  • Reassess the need for aspirin in stable coronary artery disease
  • Reassess the need for dual antiplatelet therapy in patients after PCI and/or ACS and consider discontinuation of aspirin

Consider for patients not on concomitant antiplatelet therapy

  • Whether or not the patient is taking concurrent medications that interact with OAC levels
  • May consider pharmacy consultation and switching OAC agent or interacting medication

Possible conditions for which OAC may no longer be indicated

The following are possible conditions for which OAC may no longer be indicated:

  • Nonvalvular AF with CHA2DS2-VASc (Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age [>65 = 1 point, ≥75 = 2 points], Diabetes, previous Stroke/transient ischemic attack [2 points]) score <2 in men and <3 in women
  • Temporary indication for OAC (e.g., postsurgical prophylaxis, OAC after an anterior MI without left ventricular thrombus, post-LAA closure device placement)
  • Recovered acute stress cardiomyopathy (e.g., Takotsubo cardiomyopathy)
  • First time provoked VTE >3 months ago
  • Bioprosthetic valve placement in the absence of AF >3 months ago

Original Indications for Anticoagulation with High Thrombotic Risk

Patients who are at high thrombotic risk will likely benefit from restarting anticoagulation, even if the risk of rebleeding is high. In general, conditions with high thrombotic risk favor early reinitiation of anticoagulation once hemostasis is achieved and the patient is clinically stable.

Indication Patient Characteristics
Mechanical valve prosthesis with or without AF*
  • Mechanical valve (mitral > aortic) + additional thrombotic considerations: AF, HF, prior stroke/TIA
  • Caged ball or tilting disc valve prosthesis
  • Stroke/TIA within 6 months
Nonvalvular AF†
  • AF with CHA2DS2-VASc score of ≥4 ‡
  • Ischemic stroke/TIA within 3 months
  • Stroke risk ≥10% per year
Valvular AF (with moderate or greater mitral stenosis or a mechanical valve prosthesis)*  
VTE†
  • VTE within 3 months
  • History of unprovoked or recurrent VTE
  • Active cancer and history of cancer- associated VTE
  • Prior thromboembolism with interruption of anticoagulation  
    Left ventricular thrombus§
    • >3 months post MI, if recovery of LV function
    Left atrial thrombus  
    Left ventricular assist device§  

    *Currently, only warfarin is indicated for patients ready to restart their anticoagulation.

    †Patients can resume any OAC when ready to restart their anticoagulation.

    ‡For patients with CHA2DS2-VASc scores of 4, the annual rate of thromboembolism is 4% (2.8-5.4%).

    §Currently, only conventional-intensity warfarin therapy is indicated for patients ready to restart their anticoagulation.

    AF = atrial fibrillation; CHA2DS2-VASc = Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age ( >65 = 1 point, ≥75 = 2 points), Diabetes, previous Stroke/transient ischemic attack (2 points); HF = heart failure; LV = left ventricular; MI = myocardial infarction; TIA = transient ischemic attack; VTE = venous thromboembolism.

    Patient Thrombotic Risk Definitions

    The below definitions for thrombotic risk have been taken from the 2017 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway for Periprocedural Management of Anticoagulation in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. They have been defined in relation to this document, and may not be considered as standard accepted definitions.

    Low CHA2DS2-VASc 1-4 (annualized stroke risk <5%), no prior TE
    Moderate CHA2DS2-VASc 5-6 (annualized stroke risk 5-10%) or prior TE more than 3 months previously
    High CHA2DS2-VASc 7+ (annualized stroke risk >10%) or prior TE within 3 months

    Components of the Clinician-Patient Discussion

    Optimal patient engagement in the decision to restart anticoagulation involves shared decision making with patients and care providers. Discussions should include the risks of bleeding that come with resuming anticoagulation, including clinical signs of bleeding, implications of thrombotic events, and death without anticoagulation.

    Factors to Consider Discussion Points
    Timing
    • The clinician-patient discussion should be carried out prior to reinitiation of anticoagulation to provide sufficient time for patients to formulate questions.
    Associated Risks
    • Review clinical and site-specific signs of bleeding for which the patient should remain vigilant (e.g., melena after a GI bleed).
    • Assess the risk of a thrombotic event, ideally by performing personalized risk assessment (e.g., CHA2DS2-VASc prediction of thromboembolism risk).
    • Discuss the sequelae associated with thromboembolic events (e.g., higher mortality for ischemic strokes with AF).
    Associated benefits
    • Reinforce the net benefit from anticoagulation reinitiation in certain types of bleeds on an anticoagulant (e.g., GI bleeding).

    Prescribing Information for Drugs

    Please use the below links to access complete prescribing information for drugs referenced in this app.

    Drug Link for Prescribing Information
    Apixaban https://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_eliquis.pdf
    Betrixaban https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/208383s001lbl.pdf
    Dabigatran https://docs.boehringer-ingelheim.com/Prescribing%20Information/PIs/Pradaxa/Pradaxa.pdf
    Edoxaban http://dsi.com/prescribing-information-portlet/getPIContent?productName=Savaysa&inline=true
    Rivaroxaban http://www.janssenlabels.com/package-insert/product-monograph/prescribing-information/XARELTO-pi.pdf
    Warfarin https://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_coumadin.pdf
    4F-PCC http://labeling.cslbehring.com/PI/US/Kcentra/EN/Kcentra-Prescribing-Information.pdf
    aPCC https://www.shirecontent.com/PI/PDFs/FEIBA_USA_ENG.pdf
    Idarucizumad http://docs.boehringer-ingelheim.com/Prescribing%20Information/PIs/Praxbind/Praxbind.pdf
    Andexanet alfa https://www.fda.gov/media/113279/download
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